2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. (eds. Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . Van de Velde and . Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. (ed. (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Hyman Schadeberg J. S. M. , 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. Stress in Bantu often falls on the penult, typically with vowel lengthening, but stem-initial prominence also occurs (Downing 2010). Wentzel Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). ), Proceedings of the Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2, 313321. (1990) What Do We Symbolize? Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. ), Namibian Languages. & Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). Ms. Jos: Rycroft, D. K. Sands Jenks Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. 2011: 2127). 17: 331. 13: 3972. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Doke, C. M. Lee , Bokamba, E. G. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. A. In Nkuna S53D, Baumbach (1974) indicates that clicks are indifferently pronounced as dental or post-alveolar. (2016) Information Structure in Bantu Languages. back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible. 88: 12861298. This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. In Mwiini G412, however, long vowels may surface on the penult or antepenult and only occur word-initially in loanwords (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004: xvii). (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. Thomas, K. A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. Sol, M.-J. J. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Miller, A. Poulos, G. (eds. Figure 3.8 ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Africana Linguistica Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. Meynadier Table 3.1 E. D. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Philology, Classical Edition Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Authors: Jenneke van der Wal Discover the world's. 3. (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. Figure 3.33 Seifert Odden, D. D. Figure 3.1 R. A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in Figure 3.6 The Bantu Languages, 2019. & Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Dickens, P. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. E. As a rough rule of thumb, vowels with a first formant lower than 400 Hz may be considered high vowels in a female voice. , Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. | Free trial Bo University of California, Berkeley. (eds. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. Mkanganwi, K. G. 1951. In 33(3): 261272. & van Schaik. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). In L. M. Figure 3.35 (2010) Phonetically Grounded Phonology and Sound Change: The Case of Tswana Labial Plosives. Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. (2011) Bantu Substratum Interference in Mozambican Portuguese Speech Varieties. , Haacke, W. H. G. Phonetic timing patterns and tone and stress interactions in Bantu languages provide a wealth of patterns to test phonological theories. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. Figure 3.18 Prieto Myers, S. Batibo, H. M. Language H. Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. Gunnink (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. R. ), Handbook of Click Languages. Faytak, M. Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. Maganga, C. P. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Gunnink, H. Vowel height, backness and rounding can all be factors in control of Bantu harmony. Khumalo compares the durations of nasals and voiced prenasalised stops as well as of the vowels that precede them in two languages, Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21. A. Figure 3.6 (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). L. Figure 3.23 Byrd Most of the languages have relatively limited sets of fricatives of the cross-linguistically common types, although lateral fricatives (and affricates) have developed in or been borrowed into a number of the southern languages, such as Sotho-Tswana S30, Xhosa S41 and Zulu S42. Chebanne In Elordieta (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe Krakow Corrections? & It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Gowlett, D. F. In Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. Kuperus, J. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. 59: 150179. (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). Hamann, S. L. 2014). , L. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(3): 176194. In Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). Seifert (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. Meeussen, A. E. Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. Y. (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. San Diego: Academic Press. N. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. Riera During this time, rarefaction is occurring. , The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Chen, Y. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Kwasio A81 pharyngealised vowels differ significantly in vowel quality compared to their non-pharyngealised counterparts. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Edition 1st Edition. In Holtzhausen 4: 85165. Table 3.3 (1996) Dictionrio Changana-Portugus. Schulz, S. Vove B305 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author on a recording made by Jean-Marie Hombert, made available by Lolke Van der Veen. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. M. E. M. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. When speakers of these languages come to Mhlig, W. J. G. Phonetica Figure 3.5 She reports that the labial closure is formed first. , (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. Orie, O l. Hombert ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. Ebobiss Ladefoged, P. & Doke, C. M. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 22792282. New Proposals for the Phonological Inventory of Proto-Bantu. Paulian, C. (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. The term argument is defined by Trask (1993:20) as "a noun phrase . J. C. The most detailed study remains that of Traill et al. C. (1996) Phonetics, Phonology and Rhetorical Structuring of Chichewa. London: Gregg. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). There are very few studies of this type available so far for Bantu languages, but one data set is shown in & Figure 3.14 Oxford: Oxford University Press. An alternation of some kind is probably to be reconstructed to an early stage, possible even pre-Bantu. shows a realisation of a medial instance of the same segment in the word /k/ to suck. In this case there is no consonantal nasality. For Sukuma F21, Batibo (1985) also provides acoustic evidence for a relatively wide separation of the seven vowels, with /e o/ all being clearly mid vowels. Time-aligned audio and video data of a Swati S43 dental click and following vowel in the syllable ngca / Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. , (2013) /r/ in Washili Shingazidja. ), The Bantu Languages, 475500. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). & Kula, N. C. Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. , Figure 3.16 This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). Other major languages of the group, each with 10 million speakers or more, . Cape Town: University of Cape Town. & Rialland (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. New York: Harcourt Brace. L. J. M. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Cheucle, M. Editor of. M. The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. M. Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. 1989, Pongweni 1990). Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. , as indicated by the positioning of the horizontal white lines superimposed on each photograph. Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati-cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. Mathangwane, J. T. In Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). Nurse, D. Figure 3.25 Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Prinsloo, D. J. Downing, L. J. Sitoe, B. Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. Figure 3.4 Jouannet, F. At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. Monaka, K. C. (2016b) Introduction. Figure 3.32 . C. J. 1: Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, 3562. The possible variations are thus very numerous, and many different categories of individual clicks are found when all the languages which use them are considered (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996). In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). Following Traill et al. Y. 4: 109132. The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021.
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