evaluating historic earthquakes, where written records ", 6. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. 3 - How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. Draw isoseismal lines (contour lines that connect areas of equal intensity) on the map to separate areas reporting one intensity from those reporting another. 812-855-5809. Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Decayed pilings broken off. The database is now updated regularly from sources such as U.S. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. and Brady, A.G. (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion. However, according to the limitations of the available PGA data in Myanmar, in particular for the past 100 years of earthquake events that are reported only as isoseismal maps, then here the PGA is assumed for this calibration. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It is constant for specific types of rock; DDD Average fault displacement (cm); the distance one block is relocated; and. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Note that the effects on a particular area are highly dependent on the type of construction in the area. Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! A measure of earthquake intensity. In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). John Wiley, New York. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Global Significant Earthquake Database. exist. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. A new relationship between macroseismic intensity and engineering ground-motion parameter is contributed for the Myanmar region by comparing the MMI gathered from 10 isoseismal maps with the inferred PGA. Intensity. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Waves seen on ground. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. The aforementioned catalog was an expansion - 1979, Including Quantitative Casualties While shaking is caused Charles Richter developed the logarithmic scale in 1935 to compare local earthquakes the ones in southern California with an epicenter of up to 370 miles (600 km) from the seismograph. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. III. Springfield, MO: "Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported.". For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. Landslides. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Felt by everyone. Ft. Smith, AR: "Drinkers at the Moose Lodge complained of tainted liquor at the lodge bar, after a number of drinkers reported feeling a strong swaying sensation. Historical documents indicate that a severe earthquake occurred somewhere in the Midwest, and the effects were felt over a wide area. Trees and poles Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. (Grade Earthquake templates. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date]. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Single copies of this publication may be obtained The scale was developed at the turn of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently revised by American seismologists H.O. The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Indiana University 1 0 obj WebThe U.S. employs the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale, which uses Roman numerals from I (not felt) to X (extreme). Lines of sight and level distorted. Kramer, S.L. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. and Papazachos, B.C. Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. List of major earthquake events in Myanmar and adjacent area that had been reported the macroseismic intensity in term of isoseismal maps. Wide cracks in May not be recognized as an earthquake. Log In or Register. WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. (Grade Damage to weak masonry. Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. effects. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity (g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of 20 cm (8 inches) per second. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? (1997) Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: a summary of recent work. Google and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. The Richter magnitude is based on the wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. Small slides and caving along. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. [6] and Pailoplee et al. Considerable damage The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. endobj Ground cracking, Most buildings destroyed. Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. Thanks to this earthquake calculator, you can: Check the approximate energy release of an earthquake in energy release equivalents (such as tons of TNT, atomic bomb energies, and volcanic eruptions). at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. Thanks also extend to T. Pailoplee for the preparation of the draft manuscript. [14]. From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. Copyright ? Some dishes, windows broken. amount of energy released during an earthquake. The methodology is simple. Difficult to stand. Teachers Association. Ground badly cracked. Some walls may fall. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). Hershberger, J. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. Ground cracked noticeably. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand. However, it is recognized that there is a significant level of uncertainty in estimating ground motions (i.e., PGA) from the existing isoseismal maps by this process. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. Difficult to stand. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on ), check out this current USGS earthquakes map. Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. failure of the data to function on a particular system. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. Comparison of MMI-PGA relationship determined from this study (thick black line) and the others proposed previously for different regions. Cairo, IL: "Most of the buildings in town suffered significant damage; several of the single-family homes were damaged when they slid off their foundations. How Do Scientists Predict Tsunamis After Earthquakes? Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. To calculate the moment magnitude, seismologists need to know the seismic moment, M0M_0M0: The seismic moment is found by multiplication of three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip: \mu Shear modulus of the rocks (dyne/cm2), which is the rock's resistance to bending (rock rigidity). They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was What to do during an earthquake? Since that time, the divisions in these scales have been associated with measurable accelerations of the local ground shaking. Objects thrown up into the air. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. Persons walk unsteadily. endobj III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper Moment magnitude, for now, is the most reliable way of presenting the relative size of an earthquake especially for large earthquakes. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? Compared with the previously proposed MMI-PGA relationships for other regions, the standards/provisions of building construction in Myanmar is not high enough to withstand the hazards from earthquakes, particularly at higher levels of ground motion. WSU Press, Seattle. "', 7. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg.
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