0000004288 00000 n Consequently, the literature is eclectic. This is another point in the process at which talking to others can be helpful. 0000002139 00000 n so following the crowd might not be the best approach to success. 0000000016 00000 n One way to make ethical decisions is to employ the four-component model, which was devised by James Rest, a professor at the University of Minnesota. 0000038693 00000 n Explain what satisficing is and when it may be a good strategy. Rob has spent most of his career working for for-profit organizations, and for about half of that time he has worked in a union environment. The goal: if you stop trusting the person, youll discount their argument. In terms of relations between the organization and the customer, the measure of honesty is integrity. Often a manager only spends enough time on Step 2 to generate two alternatives and then quickly moves to Step 3 in order to make a quick decision. For example, when a fellow employee pays for a hotel suite, rather than a standard hotel room, the person doing so may feel justified because he will be away from home for a prolonged period of time and wants the extra space, while someone else might consider this to be a moral lapse because it violates the companys travel policy. Existing theoretical models of individual ethical decision making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. 95 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<512C57B7C7AA6140B060D1D34FB8E5F0><5C4093A3EBBDA94B9C7BFB9D4D90CF98>]/Index[81 31]/Info 80 0 R/Length 79/Prev 94673/Root 82 0 R/Size 112/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Rest and the Minnesota Group were unusually open to other approaches, new research, criticisms, and integrating their Neo-Kohlbergian approach with others. Its important to remember that for nonprogrammed decisions, you dont want to rush the process. James Rest [1], a well-known cognitive-developmental researcher, developed a model of ethical behavior that is based on the presumption that there are four steps in moral development that lead to ethical action. This can help generate alternatives that you might not otherwise have considered. The study extends and tests the issue contingent four-component model of ethical decision-making to include moral obligation. For example, when a chief financial officer is aware that her controller has engaged in fraudulent activities but decides not to fire the controller, she is lacking in moral character. The author proposes a decision-making model that combines the Ethics and Compliance Initiative's PLUS model, which uses ethics filters to facilitate analysis and incorporates elements of organizational culture, and the virtue considerations of James Rest's Model of Moral Behavior, which define ethical character, an important factor for . As stated previously, nonprogrammed decisions should be addressed using a systematic process. In this case, most holidays for which businesses close are in the late fall and winter (Thanksgiving, Christmas), and there are more illnesses at this time of year because of the weather, not because of the business being closed. Deficiencies in moral motivation occur when personal values compete with concerns for doing what is right. 0000008459 00000 n What he did early in his career is not necessarily what he would do now. Stereotypes are generalizations; some are grossly inaccurate, and even those that are accurate in SOME cases are never accurate in ALL cases. -#(&]am:jK$)'DH{x]z5=/oDOW/^^#Y=.o`6gS)(d$d&). OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Some alternatives might be more expensive than others, for example, and that information is often essential when analyzing options. Develop your awareness of your own emotions, and recognize when someone is trying to use them. Dec 12, 2022 OpenStax. Conduct research; engage in evidence-based decision-making. Ethical decision-making (EDM) descriptive theoretical models often conflict with each other and typically lack comprehensiveness. The person must possess sufficient courage to follow through on his intentions. Managers sometimes skip the last step in the decision-making process because evaluating the effectiveness of a decision takes time, and managers, who are generally busy, may have already moved on to other projects. If you know that the decision is going to create conflict, try to think about how youll address that conflict in a productive way. With multiple stakeholders to consider, sometimes what is best for one group of stakeholders is not what is best for others. His father was always helpful in providing the perspective of how things were likely to play out long-term if one person was allowed to bend the rules. A focus on immediate, short-term outcomeswith little consideration for the futurecan cause problems. Systematically go through the six steps of the decision-making process Be creative Satisficing Engage in critical thinking Flag question: Question 8 Question 81 pts When Jermain is facing novel and complex situations which decision making system would be better? <<5B4F7D0BA363934593B6921B695AB3E2>]>> On a clinical level, an advanced practice nurse who is ethically sensitive seeks information and listens carefully. 0000001697 00000 n Which of the following she should focus on? The person must be able to interpret a situation in terms of specific courses of action, determine who could be affected by each action, and understand how the affected party would interpret the effect. 0000003744 00000 n Creative Commons Attribution License Ethical decision-making in an organization is an important process. 0000010736 00000 n What are the six steps in the decision-making process? In this case study, patient suffered due to medical harm and ethical committee did not provide justice to patient. The course centres on case studies from the range of applied psychology professions, guiding systematic ethical thinking grounded in the BPS . Rest continued mentoring, researching, and writing until his death in 1999.[2]. Your assignment is to analyze Covidien's operating cash flows and compare it to Johnson & Johnson. The person must be able to formulate the actions to be taken to achieve the desired outcome. He also explained that a starting point for the decision-making process is always a recognition of the fact that you have been hired to generate a benefit for your company. <<102DECFBE704834385950D334D831AEF>]>> If we have always done it one particular way, that must be the right or best way. As mentioned earlier in the chapter, there may be multiple good options, and which one will be best is unclear even after gathering all available evidence. `T 5gv\- U>r^eUsb i[=qSeooWav(.GgWnT#{24,[JT]7F(rj]H*F1Z pG5 Y q(2F9Qj>z}*#& j"+I&tzpa8fqav["K\qV/Cw|E.'^g7 Jk `Tp[~?m+AI;6~1,[Zamx.oN4U'&be08O%x . This isnt always easy, because short-term consequences are much easier to observe and predict. Organizational leaders face environmental challenges and pressures that put them under ethical risk. Are they reasonable? 0000010542 00000 n [1] I talked to Rob Ault about his experiences with ethical dilemmas over the course of his career. One example is the sentence, "He brought everything but the kitchen sink." For example, suppose you are shopping for groceries and you dont want to overspend. This can be particularly beneficial for new managers or for experienced managers who are starting something new. 'CQm[N#~I endstream endobj startxref Selecting one of the alternatives will ultimately be your responsibility, but when faced with a difficult decision, talking through your choice with someone else may help you clarify that you are indeed making the best possible decision from among the available options. How did he go about making decisions in these challenging situations? { %%EOF This model (depicted in Figure 1, p. 37) consists of Rest's four main stages of decision-making, all of which can be affected by the six components of moral intensity. Thinking through the steps of ethical decision-making may also be helpful as you strive to make good decisions. Peter Drucker, a well-known business management professor, recommends a, (Engineering management: meeting the global challenges). As they become aware of the role of ethical behavior and choices in their clinical world, they need to consider ethical approaches to the research and business aspects of their practices (Peirce & Smith, 2008). What he has found most frustrating, regardless of environment, was when it was clear to him what was right, but what was right conflicted with what his boss was telling him to do. APRNs are entering an ever more complex world of practice. A meta-analysis of literature on ethical decision-making from the past 4 decades shows that as many as 42 organizational, individual, and societal factors influence ethical decision-making, and . Moral questions rarely have clear answers, which is why ethics is a difficult topic to discuss. First take a look at who is closest to you for initial ethics guidance. Moral motivation has to do with the importance given to competing choices. 130 24 Another technique that managers use with these types of decisions is satisficing. Use Covidien's statement of cash flows and the following information to address these questions: a. So we should stop closing for holidays.. 3 0 obj Making the decision to do what you know is right could come at a substantial cost to you personally. ewsT#HLlra'B 6;d:^sx(o(5R@=3EIUUnG=`^S]Gq>rB 0 Rob also seeks out the opinions of other individuals in the organization before reaching decisions with an ethical component; he told me that when he worked in a union environment, he tried to make sure he had a good relationship with the union steward, because it was helpful to get the perspective of someone who was committed to the side of the employee. For example, imagine that a manager must decide whether to issue dividends to investors or put that money into research and development to maintain a pipeline of innovative products. This means that we look to act with moral intent as the ultimate outcome yet progress through the former steps in order to do so. Other people tend to view problems from different perspectives because they have had different life experiences. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp. Nurses in advanced practice roles should identify how they would carry out a specific moral action in the clinical setting. 0000009172 00000 n A weak decision maker may become paralyzed in this situation, unable to select among the various alternatives for lack of a clearly best option. According to Mintzberg, managers averaged 36 written and 16 verbal contacts per day with most of these activities lasting less than nine minutes. If you arent sure about whether something is right or wrong, think about how you would feel if that decision ended up on the front page of a major newspaper. 1gT [`:%a=Qh.@vR Some tactics to help with generating more options include talking to other people (to get their ideas) and thinking creatively about the problem. 0000059054 00000 n Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. HWMoF#T `Kv /uVP3x8?x_U79SE$hzt9?]_^)~SD/]+Iq)*Y]w1$ When implementing Step 3, it is important to take many factors into consideration. s\A0W+ 0000075001 00000 n 0000016455 00000 n If you speak a language other than English, can you recognize figures of speech in that language that might be baffling to English-speakers? Document the application of the model under each component. Rest's (1982) Four-Component Model of Morality (FCM) describes four processes thought to be independent and necessary contributors for moral behavior: moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral implementation. <> trailer Remember that organizations are usually successful by being better than their competitors at something . Another good time to talk to other people is while analyzing those options; other individuals in the organization may help you assess the quality of your choices. 0000001591 00000 n Rob has been in managerial roles for over 25 years, since he was 19 years old. <> 0000094721 00000 n Ask yourself whether the argument stands on its own without the appeal to your emotions. For instance, your mentor or sponsor within your company will help you. s\A0W+%f?~dG+y#R;E'g'N=(zPAe=(zOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO*/W+Kg%,[ImvqX_b'N` ub Managers who strive to be creative will take the time to view a problem from multiple perspectives, try to combine information in news ways, search for overarching patterns, and use their imaginations to generate new solutions to existing problems. 0000001548 00000 n This step requires knowledge of concepts, codes of conduct, and ethical principles, thereby allowing one to identify the guidelines that can be used to support a decision. Education about ethical theories and principles should include skilled practice for becoming neutral mediators with clients, to fully understand the patient's view and understanding. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written
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