Frieda 2003, p. 48 (NY edition): "J'ai reu la fille toute nue." Knecht, 272. From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. Of the chateaus she designed herselfincluding the TuileriesChenonceaux was her unfinished masterpiece. Nevertheless, the wedding did take place, at Nice in 1533. In October 1586, therefore, he had Margaret locked up in the Chteau d'Usson. Catherine de Medici was best known for being the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Margaret later recalled that she saved the lives of several prominent Huguenots during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. [85] Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold. Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France. [56] The Catholics took Rouen, but their triumph was short-lived. The complexity of Catherines position during these years cannot be briefly explained. In the Treaty of Nemours, signed on 7 July 1585, he was forced to give in to all the League's demands, even that he pay its troops. Monsieur de Guise is dead. [99] "Take care", she wrote to the king, "especially about your person. [80], The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. [109] On 23 December 1588, he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Chteau de Blois. [76] Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Htel de Bthisy, where the surgeon Ambroise Par removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors. [78], The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since. [129] Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia, after Artemisia II of Caria, who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus as a tomb for her dead husband. Clarissa de Medici. His dying words were "oh, my mother" The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. Margaret of Valois was the third daughter and seventh child of King Henry II of France and his Italian queen, Catherine de Medici. The legend that de' Medici introduced a long list of foods, techniques and utensils from Italy to France is discredited by food historians. She was born with her father's birthmark on Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. He remarried to Marie de Medici and had several children by her. Catherine also made many visit in returns and Charles was said to be genuinely fond of his mother-in-law. This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France, but it failed to interest the Ottomans.[61]. "[95], Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine's attempts to appease the Huguenots. In 1585, Margaret abandoned her husband and was even imprisoned. Henry III's assassination ended nearly three centuries of Valois rule and brought the Bourbon dynasty into power. Biography. She travelled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority and trying to head off war. Catherine built two new palaces in Paris: the Tuileries and the Htel de la Reine. [45] Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Greg Bryk, an actor, played him. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. Elisabeth had died, in a most Christian manner dressed in the habit of Saint-Franois, preceded to heaven by the child she carried who had received the holy water of the sacred baptism. Upon hearing the news of her daughters death, Catherine withdrew without a word to her private chapel. The birth nearly cost Catherine her life. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. She herself supervised their education. On 8 September 1588 at Blois, where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates, Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning. The Queen of France had faced many challenges all her life to have revolutionized what France is today. She had known Mary since the age of five and a half, when the little Scottish queen was brought to Paris and raised alongside Catherines own children. The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. In fact, by her death, that land was filled with regrets, and M. de Lorraine mourned her so much that, though he was young when widowed of her, he would not marry again, saying he could never find her like, though could he do so he would remarry, not being disinclined. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. She was born less than 20 years ago to the couple while the Queen's husband was away. In August 1563 she declared the King of age in the Parlement of Rouen and, from April 1564 to January 1566, conducted him on a marathon itinerary round France. [101] He went into hiding to fast and pray, surrounded by a bodyguard known as "the Forty-five", and left Catherine to sort out the mess. "[94] She was under no illusions, however. [107] The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown. On 16 October 1568, Catherine wrote to Elisabeths husband to offer advice during Elisabeths pregnancy. [23] This proved that Henry was fertile and added to the pressure on Catherine to produce a child. Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. Rumours of Henry's inability to produce children were by that time in wide circulation. "The Louvre: Royal Residence and Temple of the Arts". During the period 156468, Catherine was unable, for complex reasons, to withstand the cardinal Lorraine, statesman of the Guises, who largely provoked the second and third civil wars. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. [67] "We have come to the determination to die, all of us", Jeanne wrote to Catherine, "rather than abandon our God, and our religion. WebHistorically, by Louis, she had two daughters, who were influential members of the royal household- there's no mention of a son like in the show, Sebastian . How old was Catherine de Medici when she got married? Clarissa educated Catherine, along with her own children, and Catherine was happy in her new atmosphere living with her aunt. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. Artistic, energetic, and extraverted, as well as discreet, courageous, and gay, Catherine was greatly esteemed at the dazzling court of Francis I, from which she derived both her political attitudes and her passion for building. She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. Victoire was born safely but Joan did not want to come and Catherine began to weaken quickly. "[112] She left in tears. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes. Clarissa Delacroix (1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. In spite of Henrys abiding attachment to his mistress Diane de Poitiers, Catherines marriage was not unsuccessful and, after 10 anxious years, she bore him 10 children, of whom 4 boys and 3 girls survived. Viscount Catherine's former lover and Clarissa's father was Richard DelaCroix. The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [, Holt, 83. From that day, Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem, inscribed with the words "lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor" ("from this come my tears and my pain"), and wore black mourning in memory of Henry.[36]. One of her first acts was to force Diane de Poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and return the Chteau de Chenonceau to the crown. On 11 April 1572, Margaret was betrothed to Henry of Navarre, the future King of Navarre and also in line for the French throne after Margarets brothers. At the time, Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre, who would succeed him as Henry IV of France. [74] The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre-Dame, Paris. She was the only one of Catherines children to inherit her good health. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. [55] The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held Rouen. Margaret retained her titles and was financially taken care of, and perhaps for the first time, she had a good relationship with her husband. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. She is portrayed by Rebecca Liddiard. Heritier, 48, has the twins' deaths the other way round. Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. Not much later, she actually married Philip himself when he was widowed upon the death of Queen Mary I of England. Catherines daughters Elisabeth and Claude bore children who lived into adulthood, including King Charles IX of France, Prince Louis, and Prince Henri of France. Jeanne replied: "Pardon me if, reading that, I want to laugh, because you want to relieve me of a fear that I've never had. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. However, Catherine's ability to bear children failed to improve her marriage. The treaty became known as the Peace of Monsieur because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. Their sister Mary of Guise had married James V of Scotland in 1538 and was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. [128], Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings. King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. On 20 August 1560, Catherine and the chancellor advocated this policy to an assembly of notables at Fontainebleau. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. Most of the Orsini men were soldiers, a profession which allowed them to amass huge territories around Rome and Naples. Catherine was born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois. She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding. Philip II excused himself from the occasion. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. In the words of historian Jules Michelet, "St Bartholomew was not a day, but a season". [146] As a result, some (more extreme) authors[147] believe Catherine to be the creator of the Black Mass, a Satanic inversion of the traditional Catholic Mass, although there is little to prove this aside from Jean Bodin's account in his book De la dmonomanie des sorciers. Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. At first Catherine kept him very close to her, and even slept in his chamber. Later, she resorted in frustration and anger to hardline policies against them. Margaret had put up a good show for the Queen and Joan wrote enthusiastically to her son with one point, If she embraces our religions, I may say that we are the happiest persons in the world Margaret could not have opposed this match with Henry more, but it was going to happen whether she wanted or not. Clarissa Delacroix(1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. 500: Catherine de Medici The Mother of three Kings, 500: Catherine de Medici Patron of the arts and follower of the occult. Catherine ended the first civil war in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, an attenuated version of the Edict of January. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Suspicions of poison abounded, from Catherine to Emperor Charles V.[24] Sebastiano de Montecuccoli confessed under torture to poisoning the Dauphin.[24]. [104] Philip II of Spain prepared for an invasion of England. Died in infancy. She is the younger half-sister of Clarissa and Sebastian, the younger sister of Francis, Louis, Elisabeth, Claude, Charles, Henry, Henrietta and Emone. Under her son, Francis II, power was retained by the Guise brothers. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. "[131] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. [29] Henry gave the Chteau of Chenonceau, which Catherine had wanted for herself, to Diane de Poitiers, who took her place at the centre of power, dispensing patronage and accepting favours. Claude was described with the words, In her beauty she resembled her mother, in her knowledge and kindness she resembled her aunt; and the people of Lorraine found her ever kind as long as she lived, as I myself have seen when I went to that country; and after her death they found much to say of her. WebClarice Orsini (on the left) with her sister-in-law Bianca Maria de' Medici. The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force. Victoire died just under two months later on 17 August. [46], When Catherine realized Francis was going to die, she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the regency of the future king, Charles IX, in return for the release of his brother Cond. WebCatherine de Medicis full name is Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de Medici. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Henry was carried to the Chteau de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. She was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. The 10 years from 1560 to 1570 were, politically, the most important of Catherines life. [135] Barbara Ketcham Wheaton and Stephen Mennell provided the definitive arguments against these claims. [69], Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages. [35] Henry reeled out of the clash, his face pouring blood, with splinters "of a good bigness" sticking out of his eye and head. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. Claude was born on 12 November 1547, and she too suffered from childhood ailments, like her elder sister. Catherine de Medici, wife to one French king and mother to three more, died at Blois in 1589. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. Joan became even sicker, and she died, shortly before her son arrived, on 9 June. Catherines first great political crisis came in July 1559 upon the accidental death of Henry II, a traumatic bereavement from which it is doubtful that she ever recovered. Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris. Catherine then spent an hour trying to make Margaret presentable again. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king. She wrote to Bellivre, "Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape. [108] Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems. Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II and the mother of French kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. [102] The monarchy had lost control of the country, and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack. Also Known As : Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici. In 1558, she was considered for Don Carlos, the eldest son of King Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth I of England's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world. She was buried, but she went on to escape from her gravesite. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. Upon the death of her brother Henry in 1589, her husband became the King of France and she the Queen. WebCatherine and Clarissa have a very complicated relationship. The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of La Rochelle on the west coast, where Jeanne d'Albret and her fifteen-year-old son, Henry of Bourbon, joined them. Omissions? This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak of civil war in 1562, in whichas she had predictedCatherine fell, politically, into the clutches of the extremists, because the Catholic crown might protect its Protestant subjects in law but could not defend them in arms. Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again, and this time, Montgomery's lance shattered in the king's face. At the age of five and a half, Mary was brought to the French court, where she was promised to the Dauphin, Francis. Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis, who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated. After her brother's premature death in 1519, she educated his daughter Catherine, the future Queen of France . Did Queen Catherine of France have a deformed daughter? Hoogvliet, 111. She was crowned in the Basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. "[136][139], Catherine de' Medici has been labelled by Wiccan Gerald Gardner a "sinister Queen noted for her interest in the occult arts". [105] When Catherine tried to go to Mass, she found her way barred, though she was allowed through the barricades. Claude and Charles would go on to have nine children, of which seven would survive to adulthood. As the siege dragged on, voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed. [21] King Francis lamented, "The girl has come to me stark naked."[22]. After Alfonsina's death in 1520, Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt, Clarice de' Medici. They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564; at Bayonne in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court; and at the Tuileries in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine's son Henry of Anjou. [9] Leo made Catherine Duchess of Urbino but annexed most of the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States, permitting Florence to keep only the Fortress of San Leo.
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