Tactical risk is associated with hazards existing due to the enemy's presence. A-85. To identify friendly coordination requirements. Although the battle captain knew the environmental conditions, he told us we had legal weather and expected us to accomplish the mission. A-109. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. Some types of clouds reduce the effectiveness of radar systems. Definition. If he has no mutually supporting mobility corridors, then a single mobility corridor might become an avenue of approach. Projected sustainment expenditures, friendly casualties, and resulting medical requirements. Considerations may include: A-99. Some additional visibility considerations include: Read the following vignette to learn more about the visibility aspect of weather. Second, leaders confirm the missions decisive point. Prior to every flight, all units must use the risk management process to ensure the weather is more than just legal. The population within a prescribed area of operation comprises several different groups, both ethnically and politically. Beginning with the decisive point identified during mission analysis, the leader identifies the decisive operation's purpose and purposes of his shaping and sustaining operations. You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have . Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. The COA covers the operational factors of who, what, when, where, and how, and must show from start to finish how the unit will accomplish the mission. Implied in the analysis of time is leader prioritization of events and sequencing of activities. Leaders assign responsibility for each task to a subordinate. Military aspects of terrain OAKOC are used to analyze the ground. This terrain generally allows wide maneuver and offers unlimited travel over well-developed road networks. Gaining local support can best be accomplished by the leader who demonstrates dignity and respect to the civilian population he is charged to protect and train. 3. This team effort ensured a more accurate assessment for the battle captain. They could have a hard time maintaining optimum speed, moving in some types of combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another. Leaders must understand how their units' purposes relate to higher. A-69. What is the composition of the enemy's reinforcing obstacles? Consequently, this information must be protected from identification by the enemy. Understanding these patterns helps leaders plan and execute information collection, combat operations, and logistical resupply. Starting with a baseline pattern and keeping a mission analysis on how the population is responding or have responded in the past under similar circumstances will assist leaders in using patterns to the unit's advantage. Figure C-1 shows an example of the COA sketch and text (COA statement) that go with the OPFOR countertasks listed above. A-23. Step 4: Develop the Sketch and Statement As with friendly COAs, enemy COAs are best framed using statements and sketches. Cover and concealment is just as vital as clear fields of fire. I expressed my concern and some uneasiness about the situation because our crews had been caught in dust before and knew the consequences. During all phases, leaders consider critical times, unusable time, the time it takes to accomplish activities, the time it takes to move, priorities of work, and tempo of operations. Where (the objective or location stated in company OPORD), and. At greater altitudes, it can increase or reduce fuel consumption. In developing the concept of the operation , the leader clarifies in his mind the best ways to use the available terrain and to employ the unit's strengths against the enemy's weaknesses. The commander also issues planning guidance to the staff, such as time limitations or a change in commander's intent. Risk assessment is the identification and assessment of hazards allowing a leader to implement measures to control hazards. I kept an eye on the dust cloud and the instrument panel at the same time, which wasn't a good idea because I soon became disoriented. The C634A2 course of action statement and sketch (COA S&S) is an individual assignment worth 20% of the overall C600 grade. The military advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. Only those requiring resources should be used. Leaders should know the disposition, composition, strength, and capabilities of their forces one and two levels down. A-119. One technique is to parallel the TLP based on the products received from higher. For example, if a battalion situation template identifies a platoon-size enemy element on the company's objective and squad-size enemy elements on the platoons objective, the leader, using his knowledge of both the enemy's doctrine and terrain, develops a situation template positioning squad-size battle positions, crew-served weapons positions, or defensive trenches. Leaders prepare a graphic depiction of terrain to help explain their findings about the effects of terrain and weather on the mission. Structures Winds of sufficient speed can reduce the combat effectiveness of a force downwind as the result of blowing dust, obscurants, sand, or precipitation. Array Forces For example, they might have to move in columns rather than in lines. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a mission is a duty or task assigned to an individual or unit. A-111. Leaders also answer these questions: A-84. (Refer to Composition Course of Move statement. Goal is to develop COAs for every feasible ECOA; however, the commander usually limits that option with his guidance. OAKOC. Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. Where can I destroy the enemy? These effects translate directly into conclusions applying to friendly or enemy COA. Prepare a COA statement and sketch (Decisive point, form of maneuver, and statement of each task to be accomplished) Write your mission statement using the 5Ws. Using the product from generating options, the leader then determines what combinations of Soldiers, weapons, and other systems are needed to accomplish each task. FRAGORDs. He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Other events, such as disasters and those precipitated by military forces, stress and affect the attitudes and activities of the populace and include a moral responsibility to protect displaced civilians. For example, in an attack against a defending enemy, the COA must address the movement to, deployment against, assault of, and consolidation upon the objective. Leaders must understand impact of their actionsas well as their subordinates actionson the civilian population, and effects they will have on current and future operations. This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . A-72. This characteristic addresses terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. Civil considerations include the influences of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes, activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operation, with regard to the conduct of military operations. ", A-33. Furthermore, their own assumptions about the enemy must be consistent with those of their higher commander. A-30. Capabilities A-117. Distinguishable. What are the capabilities of his weapons? Area of interest. The concept of the operation is a framework to assist leaders, not a script. Yet, when we actually made it to our destination, we could not see the other end of the airfield. These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. Cloud Cover Priority intelligence requirements are information a leader needs to know about terrain or enemy to make a critical decision. He uses these factors, gained from his relational combat power analysis matrix, as his frame of reference in tentatively selecting the best COA. The sketch provides a picture of the maneuver aspects of the concept. In doctrinal terms, he asksIs the enemy oriented on the terrain, example, a reconnaissance force, his own force (assault force, terrorists, or insurgent forces), civilian forces or critical infrastructure (terrorist or insurgent forces, sabotage), or other supporting or adjacent friendly forces (as in a disruption zone)? How can I take advantage of the limited illumination? It is also why he must clearly explain his intent to his subordinates. Selecting of movement techniques and formations, to include when to transition to tactical maneuver. How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? He need not wait for a complete OPORD before starting to develop his own tentative plan. Unless given the benefit of information collection, his situation template is only an estimate of how the enemy might be disposed. A-107. A-22. The co-pilot turned the aircraft and started a climb in preparation for an emergency GPS recovery. However, as the global situation changes, the possibility of fighting threat who lack a structured doctrine increases. What is the unit's training status and experience relative to the mission? PIR are best expressed in a question being answered yes or no. The leader goes past observing to application. Avenues of approach are classified the same as mobility corridors. How do you weigh the importance of the mission with your ability to complete that mission safely? All work must be your own. Wind always is described as "fromto" as in "winds are from the east moving to the west." The memory aid the higher headquarters may use to analyze and describe these civil considerations is ASCOPE. Leaders conclude their mission analyses by restating their missions. What are all likely enemy avenues into my area of operations? Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. Capabilities Reinforcing obstacles, tacticaltactical (reinforcing) obstacles inhibit the ability of the opposing force to move, mass, and reinforce. The need for control measures, such as checkpoints, contact points, and target registration points, aid in control, flexibility, and synchronization. A-25. If so, then they must decide how to adjust their plans to meet these new situations. Know who is in charge and who can influence and enable unit leaders to exercise governance and monitor security within a prescribed area. A-45. Swamps and rugged ground are two examples of restricted terrain for Infantry forces. Disposition It was a familiar mission; a flight of two UH-60Ls were to fly a five-and-a-half-hour ring route under night vision goggles. By focusing on the motivations for civilian labor and creating essential services and prosperity where there was none, unit leaders/commanders can win the support of the civilian who now can feed and clothe his family and now has clean running water. He applies the results to the friendly and enemy COA he develops. The COA statement details how the unit's operation supports the next higher leader's operation, the decisive point and why it is decisive, the form of maneuver or type of defensive mission, and operational framework. This can require reduced aircraft payloads. They also must understand leaders' intent (two levels up). Other systems? The faculty feedback from the exam will better prepare you for the COA S&S. What are the enemy's likely counterattack routes? Limited planning time forces leaders to prioritize their terrain analyses. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. Do not discuss this assignment or your answers with anyone other than a Department of Distance Education (DDE) instructor or your academic advisor Determine where events will occur that differentiate between EN COAs (these become NAIs) 4. If a leader identifies terrain as decisive, this means he recognizes seizing or retaining it is necessary to accomplish the mission. A-113. Lost opportunity, such as movement across terrain severely restricts the speed of traverse. How can friendly and enemy forces use the available cover and concealment? It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. A-62. Extremes of temperature and humidity reduce personnel and equipment capabilities and may require the use of special shelter or equipment. Leaders understand their second higher up concepts of the operation. In general, terrain and weather do not favor one side over the other unless one is better prepared to operate in the environment or is more familiar with it. Then, using doctrinal requirements as a guide, the leader assigns purposes and tasks to decisive, and shaping, and sustaining operations. In a time-constrained environment, a platoon leader typically develops only one COA. Leaders analysis must determine the types of vehicles, Soldiers, and equipment the enemy could use against his unit. He includes in this situation template the likely sectors of fire of the enemy weapons and tactical and protective obstacles, either identified or merely templated, which support defensive tasks. Areas In such a situation, a leader must rely on information provided by battalion or higher echelon These may be indigenous, come from a third country or U.S. agencies. ;" "Reconnoiter route BLUE;" "Assist the forward passage of 1st platoon, B Company." The length of crossover time depends on air temperature, soil and vegetation types, amount of cloud cover, and other factors. Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. The initial commander's intent describes the purpose of the operation, initial key tasks, and the desired end state. Identify friendly strengths to exploit the enemy weakness. We discussed the weather conditions and decided to keep an eye on it. A-76. In the end, the usefulness of mission analysis lies in recognizing and capitalizing on opportunities. A-98. If the leader determines his tentative decisive point is not valid during COA development or analysis, then he must determine another decisive point and restart COA development. COA statment and sketch Cover the; who (generic task organization), what (tasks), when, where, and why (purpose) for each subordinate unit. Some situations have no decisive terrain. He then must task organize his forces specific to the respective essential tactical tasks and purposes assigned to his subordinate elements. He then develops the maneuver control measures necessary to convey his intent, enhance the understanding of the schemes of maneuver, prevent fratricide, and clarify the tasks and purposes of the decisive shaping, and sustaining operations. Leaders understand their immediate headquarters concept of the operation. Key terrain is locations or areas whose seizure, retention, or control gives a marked advantage to either combatant. A-60. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . It, along with the platoons purpose, is usually assigned by the higher headquarters' OPORD in concept of operation or Tasks to Maneuver Units. This fact forces leaders to determine how to get assistance when the situation exceeds their capabilities. The product of this process is the synchronization matrix. COA Statement and Sketch. Will I attack toward the sunrise? The battle captain instructed us to at least attempt to fly to our first stop. Commanders should limit their CCIRs to essential information. The leader must consider two kinds of risk: tactical and accident. For shaping operations, it accomplishes the assigned purpose, which shapes the decisive operation. Implied tasks derive from a detailed analysis of higher up orders, from the enemy situation and COA, from the terrain, and from knowledge of doctrine and history. Where will the enemy be unable to concentrate fires? He assesses the ability of the attacking force to overwatch or support movement (with direct fire). From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. Terrain analysis should produce several specific conclusions : A-58. Analyzing the unit's current location in relation to future The four categories the leader considers include. The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. Capabilities can refer to the ability of local authorities to provide essential functions and services. How will each avenue of approach affect the rate of movement of each type force? Similarly, shaping operation purposes must relate directly to those of the decisive operation. Heavy cloud cover can degrade many target acquisition systems, IR guided munitions, and general aviation operations. CCIRs also helps focus the efforts of subordinates and aids in the allocation of resources. COA analysis begins with both friendly and enemy COA and, using a method of action-reaction-counteraction war game, results in a synchronized friendly plan, identified strengths and weaknesses, and updated risk assessment. "Send two Soldiers to assist in the loading of ammunition. Analysis of troops follows the same logic as analyzing the enemy by identifying capabilities, vulnerabilities and strengths. Organizations of influence force the leader to look beyond preexisting civilian hierarchical arrangements. Visual Aids If the benefits of performing the mission do not significantly outweigh the inherent risks of marginal/borderline weather, the flight should be a no-go or implement alternate transportation to accomplish the mission safely. The leader identifies critical factors about cloud cover, including limits on illumination and solar heating of targets. To determine how to maximize the effects of combat power while protecting friendly forces and minimizing collateral damage. The fifth mission variable of METT-TC is time available. A-29. Recommended enemy situation template items. What are the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders? Differences between the situation templates must be resolved before the leader can continue analyzing the enemy. The leader must avoid developing his situation template independently of the higher commander's guidance and S-2's product. How do civilian considerations affect the operation? Enemy action where the leader has accepted risk such as an enemy attack where the friendly leader has chosen to conduct an economy of force. He should be familiar with the basic characteristics of the units and platforms identified. A-38. 1 / 38. Following these or similar guidelines will result in a higher mission accomplishment rate, a lower weather-related mishap rate and a better image of aviation professionalism. The terrain, however, may favor defending or attacking. Assessments regarding on-order and be-prepared missions. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. Another critical step was checking the weather for the evening. Feasible. If I must support a breach, where is the expected breach site and where will the enemy be overwatching the obstacle? However, they must conduct their own detailed analyses to determine how terrain and weather uniquely affects their units' missions and the enemy. Performance Knowledge Bases program is an example of an enabling tool towards that goal. Categories of terrain, restricted terrain hindering movement somewhat. To do this, they answer the five Ws . Seize, destroy, and neutralize are examples of tasks associated with an offensive operation. Cloud cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination and solar heating of targets. Next, the leader analyzes relative combat power, generates options, arrays his forces, develops a CONOP, assigns responsibility, and prepares a COA statement and sketch. War gaming is a critical step in the planning process and should be allocated more time than the other steps. If necessary, how can I avoid such features? Not only does it facilitate planning, but it also aids in briefing subordinates. Heavy cloud cover often canalizes aircraft within air avenues of approach and on the final approach to the target. Will variations in trafficability force changes in formations or movement techniques, or require clearance of restricted terrain? The normal cycle for defensive missions is engagement area development and preparation of the battle positions, actions in the EA, counterattack, and consolidation and reorganization.
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