Lawless, J.L. They represented all segments of society: Al-Al Bayt University, which is located in the northern region of Jordan (14 colleges, 7,434 males and 9,809 females), the Jordanian University, which is located in the central region of Jordan (20 colleges, 12,716 males and 25086 females), the Mu'tah University, which is located in the southern region of Jordan (19 colleges, 7,614 males, Female 7,172). Dababneh, A.B. (2004), Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. The election commission has the right to allow symbols to the political parties. There are varieties of ways in which people can participate in the political processes of a society. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. High socio-economic status is conducive for an increase in the overall amount of political participation. Some regions have an established culture of political participation. Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. Nahar, G.S. The outcome of such a participation results in collective gain. In 2010, only about 23 percent of eligible eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds cast a ballot (Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). Chapter 1: Communication in the Information Age, Chapter 2: The Constitution and the Structure of Government Power, Chapter 6: Political Culture and Socialization, Chapter 8: Participation, Voting, and Social Movements, Chapter 16: Policymaking and Domestic Policies, Chapter 17: Foreign and National Security Policies, American Government and Politics in the Information Age, http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. There are many different ways that Americans can participate in politics, including voting, joining political parties, volunteering, contacting public officials, contributing money, working in campaigns, holding public office, protesting, and rioting. Homana (2018) and Oliver (2016) indicated the impact of age on political participation. The following video is the CNN News Report on the Los Angeles Riots, including Rodney Kings appeal to stop the violence. Disclaimer 9. What are the factors affecting political socialization? The limited participation of youth in the political parties' bodies and in civil society institutions was one of the most prominent features that accompanied the democratic process in Jordan since the promulgation of the Parties Law in 1992. Organizing a demonstration, protesting, and even rioting are other forms of participation (Milbrath & Goel, 1977). (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. The ratio of voting for the category (18 less than 23) was low; this was problematic because the majority of university students were allocated in this category. Much is made about low levels of voter turnout for presidential elections in the current era. This, in turn, made them reluctant to vote in the elections. 16, pp. These events are designed to raise money and awareness of societal problems, such as poverty and health care. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. As female students voting was low. ATOMIC Hot Links Los Angeles three day shoot CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Womens full and effective political participation is a matter of human Riots can result in destruction of property, looting, physical harm, and even death. WebIn democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare. As well as, there was a regional affiliation gap in voting in national and local elections, as non-Jordanians (Palestinian) voting was low. This means that the engagement of the individual at the different levels of the political system is a must. The Watts riots in 1965 were the first of a number of civil disturbances in American cities. It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. Moreover, the lack of fair distribution of resources and the concentration the wealth in the hands of businessmen, made them feel marginalized. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. Still, e-mail may not be the most effective way of getting a message across because office holders believe that an e-mail message takes less time, effort, and thought than a traditional letter. People can also participate outside the electoral processvoting and election campaign. Beginning in the 1980s, some states, including Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, made it possible for people to register on Election Day. Campaign activity also produces collective outcomes. In contrast, poor or lowincome families are reluctant to vote as they suffer from accessing basic services, proper education and health care. the USA estrangement about engagement in electoral campaigns and community participation. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) have also concluded that the difference of regions within the same country and the ethnic or racial diversity affect voting in elections. These characteristics influence how individuals tend to vote and whether they identify with a political party. Through this leaders can increase their influence over the citizens and the voter turnout. Milbrath, L. W. and M. L. Goel, Political Participation, 2nd ed. In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. Based on the above: Palmer and Simon (2008) pointed out that difference of regions within the same country affected the political participation of the inhabitants of these regions. 118-133. Taking part in the political processes which lead to the selection of political leaders or determine or influence public policy is generally known as political participation. 213-221. People also can take part in support activities, more passive forms of political involvement. Viewing the entire tape, one would have seen a belligerent and violent Rodney King who was difficult for police to constrain. 7 No. In addition, it does not discriminate between Jordanians and Jordanians of Palestinian origin (Palestinian refugees who were granted the Jordanian nationality in 1947 or 1967), where the law gave them the right to vote without discrimination (Article 3). 1, pp. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. On the other hand, some studies found that there was a link between the working class, poor families or citizens living in poverty and those with low incomes in the one hand and participating in voting and traditional political activities in the other hand. Why are certain demographic groups more likely to align with the Democratic or Republican Party? These characteristics influence how Verba, S., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). 299-310. People can work in an election campaign, contact public officials, circulate a petition, join a political organization, and donate money to a candidate or a cause. In addition, the voting of the students' category (Palestinians) was low. 4, pp. The voting rate in the category (23 less than 30) was high. 3, pp. A majority of lower-class persons generally vote for the left parties while the majority of the upper and middle class persons vote for the rightist parties. It not only stimulates political learning but also makes citizens responsible. Huntington and Nelson (1976) have argued that voluntary (autonomous) and manipulated (mobilized) participation are not clearly distinguished categories. The tape enraged blacks in Los Angeles who saw the police actions as being widespread within the Los Angeles Police Department and not an isolated incident. Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1978), Participation and Political Equality, University Press, Cambridge. In addition to strengthening the participation of young people, especially university students participating in voting and community participation (Jordanian constitution, articles 6, 16, 17, 18, and the election law No. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1977). The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. Others contend that the integrity of the democratic process is at stake and that individuals should not be denied a fundamental right once they have served their time. Extreme forms of protest behavior include acts that cause harm, such as when environmental activists place spikes in trees that can seriously injure loggers, terrorist acts, like bombing a building, and civil war. It says that blue collared workers are more likely to be affiliated with the Democratic party, and it says that the Southern region is more Republican. This was consistent with the studies of Brady et al. 362-385. 53 No. They can post their views on blogs and energize their supporters using Facebook groups that provide information about how to get involved. (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. 1 / 19. Report a Violation, Political Parties: The Functions and Role of Political Parties in Political Process, Lapses in Political Modernization: (6 Challenges), Voting Behaviour: Various Approaches and Determinants of Voting Behaviour. While one of the studies atrributed it to the negative perception of women regarding their role in leadership positions, their low self-confidence and lack of their equal rights with men (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). Psychological or cognitive traits:. Meanwhile, the political participation of youth, particularly in developing countries, plays a vital role in bringing political change. Owen, D., The Campaign and the Media, in The American Elections of 2008, ed. The main reason for voting in the elections according to age was practicing the constitutional right. with (45.1 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23) and (24.8 per cent) for the age group (23 less than 30). White collar workers, women who work in the home, Parents strongly aligned with Democratic Party, Parents strongly aligned with Republican Party. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) concluded that these reasons reflected the low and limited participation of women in political issues, political parties, and civil organizations. In addition, ethnic groups feel that they are marginalized within society, and they do not receive adequate political attention, So, they are reluctant to participate in voting. An individuals sense of loyalty to a specific political party. The reasons for the low voting ratio of less than 500 dinars category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. It was noted that the number of students (Palestinians) who have the right to vote was a total of (438) including (254) participated in the voting with (58 per cent) in the same category. However,thereareotherswho The scope and the outcome of voting is very broad affecting all the members of a society. Political participation is the knowledge and behavior involved in political activities (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). Social environment 3. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 41-54. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of Jordanians students. They act to benefit their communities without monetary compensation. (1976), No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries, Harvard University press, Cambridge. As there are differences in voter turnout ratio according to age groups, the voting ratio in the age group (23 less than 18years old) was low. Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. McDonald, M., Voter Turnout, United States Election Project, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm. Political participation is recently one of the important political topics, as it shows the citizens' interest in political issues within their society. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. - University of Minnesota Almost 70 percent of high school students and young adults aged eighteen to thirty report that they have been involved in community activities (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1998). WebHowever, this desired impact can be impeded by a variety of factors, including a lack of political incentives or limited state capacity to implement these mechanisms. WebIn particular, the level of criminal violence greatly impacts 1) citizens decision to participate politi- cally, 2) their forms of participation, and 3) the logic of their vote choice. Young people, in particular, used social media, like Facebook, to organize online on behalf of candidates. Democrat Barack Obama, the first African American to be nominated by a major party, generated enthusiasm, especially among young people. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. 54 No. Moreover, they concluded that high income and wealth encourage individuals to political participation and engaging in government. (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. (2012), Jordanian womens political participation: legislative status and structural challenges, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. A positive side effect of fundraising campaigns is that people are made aware of candidates and issues through appeals for money (Jacobson, 1997). 3, pp. In addition to traditional forms of campaign activity, like attending campaign rallies and displaying yard signs, the Internet provided a gateway to involvement for 55 percent of Americans (Owen, 2009). These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. Do you think people who have committed serious crimes should be allowed to vote? CBS News Report on the Rodney King Incident. Voter turnout is a mix of two factors: Internal (motivation, eagerness, knowledge) and External (eligibility, mobilization, voter suppression). The more the gender varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. 1, pp. 3, pp. It acts as a powerful reference group in its own right. In contrast, the voting of the female students was (33.8 per cent). The contested vote in the Florida presidential race resulted in a recount in several counties. Thus, regional affiliation affected the political participation of university students. Over time, residency requirements were relaxed. The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. So, the Palestinians had the right to vote in Jordanian national and local elections. The process of democratization in Jordan began in 1989. In addition, some women's organizations (Arab Women's Union) demanded more equality, freedom, and education for Jordanian women (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post i dont know. 87 No. Flanigan, W. H. and Nancy H. Zingale, Political Behavior of the American Electorate, 9th ed. But, in the South there is a high majority of blue collared workers? Turnout was lower in the 1980s and 1990s, when the political climate was less tumultuous. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. People have many options for engaging in politics. Although the youth represent the largest number in these countries, their voting in elections is very poor. 1. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors Atiyat, F. (2017), Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Political scientists measure how US political behavior, attitudes, and ideologies are shaped by a number of factors over time. 185-199. The ratio of voting in the category (less than 500 dinar) was low, but, the ratio of voting for the other two categories was high. Webeducation, to political participation and to livelihoods, among other rights being bluntly violated. What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. Ross, M. (2008), Oil, Islam, and women, American Political Science Review, Vol. Fox, R.L. Still, many people do not vote regularly. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Riots are frequently spontaneous and are sparked by an incident that brings to a head deep-seated frustrations and emotions. The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. In addition, the questionnaire included two section, the first is related to the four factors: Gender (malefemale), Age (8-22years old - 23-30years old), Family Income (less than 500 dinar- 500 less than 700 dinar more than 700 dinar), and regional affiliation (Jordanian Origin - Palestinian Origin). Turnout for the 2010 midterm election was 41.6 percent, compared with 41.4 percent in 2006 and 40.5 percent in 2002 (McDonald). 453-479. Which of the following best explains how the organization can operate to influence. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). The composition of the electorate has changed radically throughout American history. It included respecting of human rights, popular participating in political life, etc. Solt, F. (2008), Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. Yet there are many other ways to take part in politics that involve varying amounts of skill, time, and resources. 4, pp. Economic modernization affects political participation through socio-economic status. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from 2. Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. Therefore, the present study focuses on the voting of students of Jordanian universities. In Sweden, women's political participation increased as a result of women's engagement in the public sphere and demonstrations at the rate of 5.5 per cent contrary to the United Kingdom, where women's participation rate in demonstrations was (1.9 per cent) (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572). and Dawson, M.C. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. The protesters demanded many political and economic reforms. Modes of participation 7. Atkeson, L.R. The ratio of participation varied among different age groups, such as young, adults and older people. A nineteen-second edit of the tape depicted the most brutal police actions and became one of the most heavily broadcast images in television news history. [1] Following the 2008 election, RTV lobbied the Obama administration to institute fully automated online voter registration nationally. 1, pp. This declining continued until the national elections in 2012, where the ratio of youth participation (ages 19-24years old) in voting was (41 per cent), and they were reluctant to engage in election campaigns and contacting elected officials. The reasons of that choice are represented in: Samer (2017), Atiyat (2017), Dababneh (2012), Nahar (2012), Nahar and Humaidan (2013), Tillian (2011) emphasizis that these factors were the most important social and economic factors affecting political participation. With so many elections, people can become overwhelmed, confused, or just plain tired of voting. It was noted that the number of students in the age group (23 less than 30) was a total number of (171) including (141) participated in the voting with (82.5 per cent) in the same category. What are the major factors that affect beliefs? However, young people participation in voting remained low (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). This study aimed at identifying the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in the national and local elections. If so, you are taking part in civil society, the community of individuals who volunteer and work cooperatively outside of formal governmental institutions (Eberly, 1998). Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, A British Gender Gap? One learns here to join in an organization, fulfill duties, participate in meetings, discuss social issues and organize to achieve group goals. Considered one of the most impactful expressions of patriotism, voting is the primary means of participating in politics. So, the voting was in favor of male students. Levels of political interest and apathy have often been taken as criteria of participation and non-participation, including party membership, expressed interest in politics and awareness of issues. In this political system, participation by the individual in political activity is considered a virtue, a sign of political health and the best method of ensuring ones private interests. 1, pp. Participation witnessed further expansion, as some studies have pointed out: Street protest, involvement in institutional policies, participating in social movements (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572), and engagement in political debates (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). This was due to many reasons, such as womens political alienation and their belief that their ability to make a political change is still weak, etc. Webinterest group. In addition, political participation required some resources, such as money to support the candidates (Lawless and Fox, 2001, p. 362). The voting ratio of female students was lower than that of males. The right to participate is a defining feature of democratic political systems but is not fully exercised. Moreover, those with wealth and a high level of well-being within society were the most participants in voting and in practicing political activities. Americans followed the riots surrounding the contested presidential election in Iran in 2009 on Twitter, as observers posted unfiltered, graphic details as the violent event unfolded. Moreover, it was noted that the number of students with family income (more than 700 dinars) was at the total number of (219) including (164) participated in the voting with (88.6 per cent) in the same category. The quantitative research was used in this study. Serving on a local governing or school board, volunteering in the community, and running for office are forms of participation that require significant time and energy. WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. 8 No. It can be concluded that: The more the age varies, the more voting in the elections differs in favor of older students. These universities do not represent all segments of Jordanian society. Other barriers are structural. Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. 35 No. Students advertised campus election events on social media sites, such as candidate rallies and voter registration drives, which drew large crowds. Linda McMahonterm-1. Scholars have argued that socio-economic factors, such as the numbers of graduate women (Hillygus, 2005) and women's participation in the labor force outside The reasons of the low voting ratio of female students in Jordan was due to the fact that they didn't see a tangible role for elected councils within society in addition, tribal, social economic constraints as they didn't feel equal to males in education and employment. Based on the above: Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) indicated that the difference in family income affected political participation. However, there have not been great fluctuations in turnout since the institution of universal suffrage in 1920. Urbanization as the first stage of the modernization process tends to raise literacy; increased literacy tends to increase the media exposure; and increasing media exposure facilitates wider political participation. The main reason for voting in the elections according to family income was practicing the constitutional right. with (33.5 per cent) for the family income category (500 dinars), and (22.2 per cent) for the family income category (500 less than 700 dinars). In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people with (31.5 per cent) for the (Palestinians). States argue that their legal authority to deny convicted felons voting rights derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which stipulates that voting rights of individuals guilty of participation in rebellion, or other crime can be denied. Moreover, political participation is a legitimate right for all citizens, their choice of the members of the government and the decision makers would influence their actions (Verba and Nie, 1978, p. 1). Young voters are less likely to turn out in midterm elections than older citizens. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Steven E. Schier (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 932. 81-99. 571-589. In the same context, Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) asserted that the difference in regional affiliation affected the political orientations of individuals. Despite the fact that elections are the major event in the political process, political participation cannot be limited to only electoral process, i.e., voting and campaigning. Leadership operates globally with explicit power to influence people in the dynamic context of society, including state politics, church relationships, and social events. These activities may include voting, seeking information, discussing, attending public meetings, making financial contribution, communicating with representatives to become member in a political party, canvassing, speech writing, delivering speech, working in campaigns, competing for public and party offices, etc. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. The more educated are better able to transmit their political interest and knowledge to their children and to the people of their neighbourhood. Members of social movements may resort to rioting when they perceive that there are no conventional alternatives for getting their message across.
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