The Kongemose culture was dominant in this time period. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. Gunhild of Wenden 4. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. In 1016, Cnut became king of England, and after further campaigns in Scandinavia he could claim in 1027 to be 'king of the whole of England and Denmark and Norway and of parts of Sweden'.. They sought to avoid civilian casualties and receive favourable treatment from Germany. The culpritsprobably Norwegians who sailed directly across the North Seadid not destroy the monastery completely, but the attack shook the European religious world to its core. [9], The sequence of kings presented below is given by the Hervarar saga, a saga written in the 12th or 13th century. [29] Norway had the largest percentage of emigrants and Denmark the least. [35] Denmark surrendered two hours after invasion, having lost just sixteen men. Nevertheless, there was a hostile relationship, with an occupation force of almost one German for every ten Norwegians. The war did have a significant impact on the economy of the area, primarily as a result of the British blockade of Germany. Greenland, Iceland and The Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic were Norwegian dependencies that were incorporated into the united kingdom of Denmark-Norway. Before long other Vikings realized that Frankish rulers were willing to pay them rich sums to prevent them from attacking their subjects, making Frankia an irresistible target for further Viking activity. Anna Edwards and Matt Miller take you through what to watch . Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark, Queen Maxima and King Willem-Alexander of The Netherlands, and Princess . Apart from raiding, they were also settlers and traders who traveled through much of Europe and Central Asia, trading goods and slaves. Over time they built up their area until they ruled most of the modern-day region of Normandy. LONDON The first crown King Charles III will wear at his May 6 coronation is a daunting five pounds of solid gold, velvet, ermine and gems. The beginning of the Viking Age is commonly given as 793, when Vikings pillaged the important British island monastery of Lindisfarne, and its end is marked by the unsuccessful invasion of England attempted by Harald Hrdrde in 1066 and the Norman conquest.[13]. The other son was Fenris, a wolf so powerful that he terrified the gods until they tricked him. Two years later, Viking raids struck the undefended island monasteries of Skye and Iona (in the Hebrides) as well as Rathlin (off the northeast coast of Ireland). In addition to the short genealogical account of Langfegatal, Ragnar Lodbrok's royal dynasty is also presented in a more narrative form in the aforementioned Hervarar saga, also written in the 12th or 13th century.[20]. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. Several petroglyphs depict ships which could possibly be Mediterranean. Initially iron was valuable and was used for decoration. The inept government of King Gustav IV Adolf led to his deposition and banishment. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. Sweden. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. [16] Though descent from figures such as Odin and Njord, gods in Norse mythology, might seem a prestigious origin, it would be problematic in early medieval Norway since the kings were Christian and their ancestors were worshipped as Pagan gods. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty in 1621, and in 1623 the Danish heir apparent was made Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. After planning for months, Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway the same day, 9 April 1940, days before Britain planned to invade.[34]. The second is lighter, adorned with 2,868 diamonds . Much of this can be attributed to the ransacking of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver. Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. The oldest objects were needles, but swords and sickles are found as well. Cnut the Great, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland,[20] possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. After the battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January 1814. The rather crude appearance of the petroglyphs compared to the bronze works have given rise to the theory that they were produced by different cultures or different social groups. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). Sweden joined the EU in 1995; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Sweden felt it could do so without being provocative. ", Erik Thomson, "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography,". Besides, he was a monarch in 970. They have inhabited the northern arctic and sub-arctic regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia for at least 5,000 years. The three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. [21] The process of Christianization began in Norway during the reigns of Olaf Tryggvason (reigned 995 ADc.1000 AD) and Olaf II Haraldsson (reigned 1015 AD1030 AD). He became King after defeating rival jarls and taking over their lands. The war with Britain was fought at sea in a series of battles, Battle of Zealand Point, Battle of Lyngr, and Battle of Anholt, by the remnants of the Danish fleet in the ensuing years, as the Danes tried to break the British blockade, in what became known as the Gunboat War. Because he was the first King to rule over the entirety of Norway, he is considered the country's first King. In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing a lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. About ten percent supported the Nazi party. Neither the place nor the date of his birth is known. The terms of the treaty provoked widespread opposition in Norway. This is also the period when the Germanic tribes became known to the Mediterranean world and the Romans. Canute (I), byname Canute the Great, Danish Knut, or Knud, den Store, Norwegian Knut den Mektige, (died Nov. 12, 1035), Danish king of England (1016-35), of Denmark (as Canute II; 1019-35), and of Norway (1028-35), who was a power in the politics of Europe in the 11th century, respected by both emperor and pope. Derry, T.K. His exact nature and role, however, are difficult to determine because of the complex picture of him given by the wealth of archaeological and literary sources. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. ' saga kings / fairy tale kings') according to legends were rulers of Sweden and the Swedes who preceded Eric the Victorious and Olof Sktkonung, the earliest reliably attested Swedish kings. [6], The legendary kings of Sweden, as presented in the sagas, covers three legendary dynasties of rulers; the Yngling dynasty, claimed to have been descended from the Norse god Odin, the dynasty founded by Ivar Vidfamne, who conquered Sweden and deposed the Ynglings, and the House of Muns, which succeeded Vidfamne's dynasty. Attempts have been made to harmonize Ansgar's kings with the kings mentioned in the sagas but such attempts have to be considered unreliable and unverifiable. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17cm long and weighs just 28 grams. The traditions were a continuity from the Nordic Bronze Age, but there were strong influences from the Hallstatt culture in Central Europe. Denmark called up much of its military, but Germany still violated Danish sovereignty to some extent, for example by mining the resund. Something went wrong. Many Swedish runestones tell tales of Swedish Vikings, such as Skoglar Toste and Ulf of Borresta, who left for glory and Gld (ransom money) in England.Ulf of Borresta is memorized on a runsetone in Sweden, commemorating that Ulf had taken three danegelds in England; with Skagul Toste in 991, with Thorkel the High in 1012, and with Canute the Great . Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. King Christian Frederik abdicated and left for Denmark in October, and the Norwegian Storting (parliament) elected the Swedish king as King of Norway, after having enacted such amendments to the constitution as were necessary to allow for the union with Sweden. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway. In the Caribbean, Denmark started a colony on St Thomas in 1671, St John in 1718, and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733. There was little forest in this region except for arctic white birch and rowan, but the taiga slowly appeared. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history. In 113101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland,[4] in modern-day Denmark, attacked the Roman Republic in what is today known as the Cimbrian War. [2], In medieval Swedish lists of kings, the figure generally represented as the first king of Sweden is Olof Sktkonung,[3] the first Christian king of Sweden and the first Swedish king to mint coins. The exact reasons for Vikings venturing out from their homeland are uncertain; some have suggested it was due to overpopulation of their homeland, but the earliest Vikings were looking for riches, not land. In A.D. 793, an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery off the coast of Northumberland in northeastern England marked the beginning of the Viking Age. The legendary kings of Sweden ( Swedish: sagokonungar, sagokungar, lit. They continued with the Urnfield culture tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in urns. Maria Noyen. In addition, Germany highly valued the Swedish iron ore they received through Norway and could not afford to lose it. The Great Northern War was fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. Eric the Victorious was the first Viking king of Sweden. The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. As the ice receded, reindeer grazed on the flat lands of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. A Carolingian mission (c. 820) was welcomed by King Bjorn of Sweden. Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. The present monarch of Sweden is Carl XVI Gustaf, who came to the throne in 1973 at the age of 27. The Norwegian vice-roy and heir to the throne of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik took the lead in a national uprising, assumed the title of regent, and convened a constitutional assembly at Eidsvoll. Rollo (Norman: Rou, Rolloun; Old Norse: Hrlfr; French: Rollon; died between 928 and 933) was a Viking who, as Count of Rouen, became the first ruler of Normandy, today a region in northern France.He emerged as the outstanding warrior among the Norsemen who had secured a permanent foothold on Frankish soil in the valley of the lower Seine.After the Siege of Chartres in 911, Charles the Simple . Cnut was a strong ruler and England became . Contents 1 Terminology and usage 1.1 Usage in geography 1.2 Variations in usage 1.3 Usage by cultural and tourist organizations "The Scandinavian currency union 18751914." Crowned king of England on Christmas Day in 1066, William managed to retain the crown against further Danish challenges. 1. The Ynglinga saga presents the following line of Yngling kings of the Swedes: Sturluson's Ynglinga saga was created far too late to serve as a reliable source in regards to the events and kings it describes, being separated from the earliest ones by several centuries. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, would be named the next king. Scandinavia was never really one country, but in one periode there was a Scandinavian union of Norway, Denmark and Sweden called the Kalmar union, 1397 -1523. The Western allies sent military assistance, but the campaign was not effectively run. From this period there are many mounds and fields of petroglyphs, but their signification is long since lost. After Knuts death, his two sons succeeded him, but both were dead by 1042 and Edward the Confessor, son of the previous (non-Danish) king, returned from exile and regained the English throne from the Danes. Take a look at all the royals attending King Charles' big day. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Who is the first King of Scandinavia? 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. As a result of the war, Russia supplanted Sweden as the dominant power on the Baltic Sea and became a major player in European politics. King Gylfi was the first king of Scandinavia and was known to have used the name Gangleri when trying to hide his identity on many occasions. (Middle to Late Mesolithic), Scandinavia was populated by mobile or semi-sedentary groups about whom little is known. Denmark's strategy proved the more beneficial in the short run. On these stones, it is Harald Bluetooth who is recorded as being the first King of Norway - as well as Denmark. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. The transmission of metallurgy to southern Scandinavia coincided with the introduction of long barrows, causewayed enclosures, two-aisled houses, and certain types of artefacts, and seems to have enabled the establishment of a fully Neolithic society.[3]. This was the land of the Ahrensburg culture, tribes who hunted over vast territories and lived in lavvus on the tundra. During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region.Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. [1] The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mlaren. Photo: Hugo Burnand. Rollo, or Rolf, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy in Northern France. Viking armies (mostly Danish) conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Mercia, while in 871 King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to decisively defeat a Danish army in England. Near the end of the 6th millennium BC, the Kongemose culture was replaced by the Erteblle culture in the south. Scandinavian furs were highly prized in the new trading markets; from their trade with the Europeans, Scandinavians learned about new sailing technology as well as about the growing wealth and accompanying inner conflicts between European kingdoms. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. A few years later (c. 831) the archbishopric of Hamburg was established and became at once the center for missionary work in the north. [4] The earliest legendary dynasty, the Ynglings, may be an entirely invented sequence of kings, serving to justify and legitimize the later dynasties and rulers in Scandinavia who claimed descent from them. Rollo is remarkable mostly for his descendants. MS King of Scandinavia, a Danish cruiseferry The monarch of one of the Scandinavian countries: King of Denmark King of Iceland King of Norway King of Sweden A fictional character referred to in A Scandal in Bohemia and The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor, two Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat, "Keep your head high: skulls on stakes and cranial trauma in Mesolithic Sweden", "Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics", "Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts", "1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway", "Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge", "IPS Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat", "Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic", "Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th 11th Centuries", "Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway", "Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi Conversion to Christianity", Scandinavian Roots American Lives The Story of the Great Emigration, Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings, Guides and travel tips about: Scandinavia For Visitors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&oldid=1151742366. In the eighth century A.D., Europe was growing richer, fueling the growth of trading centers such as Dorestad and Quentovic on the Continent and Hamwic (now Southampton), London, Ipswich and York in England. Try again [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. The Bishop of Winchester later confirmed him. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. In 1635 he became Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen too.) Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. In some places, names appear (notably kings Ottar and Adils) that might belong to people also attested in other sagas, such as Beowulf (written in the 10th11th century in England, but concerning events in Scandinavia in the 6th/7th century), wherein the Ynglings are called Scylfings (Old Norse: Skilfingar; Swedish: Skilvingar). 'The Celts: A History'. Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds. The history of Scandinavia is the history of the geographical region of Scandinavia and its peoples. In scholarly circles today, there are two positions on Fairhair's . Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO. While there had been a handful of silent films and some smaller movies, the first Viking film with real cultural impact is Richard Fleischer's aptly named The Vikings in 1958. Vikings gained control of the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides and much of mainland Scotland. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.[2]. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. Scandinavia in C.W. Sturluson would have had access to older (now lost) manuscripts when writing the Ynglinga saga, but this does not necessarily corroborate anything that appears in the Ynglinga saga as true. Rollo Rollo became the first ruler of Normandy in the early 10 th century. Norway was treated much more harshly throughout their occupation. As the successors of King Stenkil (r.c. 10601066), the Icelandic sources give Hkan the Red, followed by a co-regency of Inge the Elder, Halsten and Blot-Sweyn. They hunted seals and fished in the rich waters. Sweden required a little more time to transition to Christianity, with indigenous religious practices commonly held in localized communities well until the end of the eleventh century. The monetary union was one of the few tangible results of the Scandinavian political movement of the 19th century.[31]. Iceland first became colonized in the late 9th century[citation needed] . All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. During Vasa's reign the right to inherit the Swedish crown was ratified through so called succession agreements. Sweden joined the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805, but the coalition fell apart after the peace at Tilsit in 1807, forcing Russia to become the ally of France. This made it a primary target, with Denmark a secondary goal mainly needed for facilitating the Norwegian invasion. The events of 1066 in England effectively marked the end of the Viking Age. Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. Large-scale raids, often organized by royal leaders, hit the coasts of Europe and especially England, where the line of kings descended from Alfred the Great was faltering. Christian IV invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men, but the Danish forces were severely beaten, and Christian IV had to sign an ignominious defeat, the first in a series of military setbacks to weaken his kingdom. However, his sudden death in 1810 forced the Swedes to look for another candidate, and once more they chose an enemy officer. During its heyday, the Danish and Swedish East India Companies imported more tea than the British East India Company and smuggled 90% of it into Britain where it could be sold at a huge profit. Mycenaean Greece, the Villanovan Culture, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. Over the next three centuries, they would leave their mark as pirates, raiders, traders and settlers on much of Britain and the European continent, as well as parts of modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland. However, they would occasionally aid the Allies. One of the most prominent finds is the Dejbjerg wagon from Jutland, a four-wheeled wagon of wood with bronze parts. An accomplished writer, Brahe also composed outstanding poetry in Latin. Their addition to the saga might thus have been another attempt by Sturluson to undermine royal ideology. The Nstvet and Lihult tribes learnt new technology from the advancing farmers (but not agriculture) and became the Pitted Ware cultures towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. Rise to power. The Christianization of Scandinavia was a long and painful process, filled with blood, sweat, and war. This period is known for being poor in archaeological finds. During this time there was Scandinavian influence in Eastern Europe.
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